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The 1978 team found no pigments, paints or dyes forming the image, and no known way it was made.

This is STURP's published conclusion. Walter McCrone disagreed.

The image is only about 0.2 microns deep, on the outermost fibers.

Reported by STURP and later papers.

Secondo Pia's 1898 negative showed a lifelike face.

Well documented. The story that he nearly dropped the plate is popular lore.

The VP-8 turned the image into a clean 3D relief, unlike normal photos.

The effect is real. Skeptics note that images made from a low relief also carry some 3D information, and the VP-8 was not built by NASA.

ENEA spent years coloring linen with ultraviolet lasers and estimated 34 trillion watts for a whole body.

As published by ENEA. Comparing a nanosecond pulse with the world power grid is not like for like.

Nearly 700 scourge marks.

The usual count in the literature is about 100 to 120.

Pollen from plants found only around Israel.

Based mainly on Max Frei. Critics say pollen rarely identifies a species by light microscopy, and it can arrive over centuries.

Limestone dust matching Jerusalem.

One 1986 study on a small sample, never independently repeated.

The body was in the cloth 36 to 40 hours.

There is no accepted test that measures contact time. The usual argument is only that no decay stains are visible.

The dated corner contained cotton and was a medieval repair.

Raymond Rogers argued this in 2005. The University of Arizona examined leftover sample threads in 2010 and found no sign of a repair.

The three labs threw out their data after the 2017 release.

They did not. A 2019 reanalysis (Casabianca and others) argued the samples were not homogeneous.

Archaeometry is the British Museum's journal.

It is published for the University of Oxford.

Five other methods all date it to the first century.

These used loose fibers of uncertain origin or depend on assumed storage conditions. None is accepted as replacing radiocarbon.

An archaeologist found Judean burial cloths were plain and often strips, unlike the Shroud.

A fair skeptic point that the video raises honestly.

The blood soaks through the linen but the image stays on the surface.

Well supported. He says two microns at first, then 0.2, which is the right figure.

Use your phone's color inversion to see what Pia saw.

A great demonstration. Try it on this site.

Dumbbell-shaped marks match the lead weights of a Roman flagrum.

The standard reading of the marks.

The blood is type AB, a Semitic type found in 6% of people.

Typing very old, degraded blood is unreliable, AB is about 4% worldwide, and it is not a Semitic marker.

A 1 in 200 billion chance it is anyone other than Jesus.

Such probabilities multiply features as if they were independent and proven. It is not a forensic method.

372 wounds counted, probably 700 in total.

The usual count is about 100 to 120 scourge marks.

Max Frei found 56 pollen species that trace the route from Jerusalem.

Pollen cannot trace a route, and Frei's work is disputed. Skeptics also note he wrongly authenticated the forged Hitler diaries.

Eusebius wrote about the image cloth in the 300s.

Eusebius tells the story of King Abgar's letter but mentions no image or cloth. The image appears in later texts.

Jackson and Jumper found 3D information with the VP-8 in 1976.

Correct. The VP-8 was not a machine built to study nuclear bombs.

The released raw data showed cotton in the sample.

Wrong. The raw data showed a spread of dates. The cotton claims came from Raes (1973) and Rogers (2005).

X-ray scattering matched linen from Masada, about AD 70.

The 2022 study exists. It used one thread and depends on an assumed storage history.

A professor got a 5 million dollar chair after announcing the date.

Donors gave Oxford about 1 million pounds in 1989 to fund a professorship.

The lines are burns and the triangles patches from the 1532 fire, sewn on by nuns.

Correct: the 1532 Chambéry fire and the 1534 Poor Clare repairs.

It is kept in an inert-gas case in Turin Cathedral.

Correct.

The tests showed it is not a painting, not a scorch and not a photograph.

STURP's conclusion. Scorches glow under ultraviolet light and the image does not. McCrone dissented on paint.

The team could not find how the image formed.

Still true today.

The blood is still red because of high bilirubin from torture.

Alan Adler's explanation. It has not been tested on aged samples.

Eliminate the impossible, and it must be the burial cloth of Jesus.

This depends on which options you call impossible. Skeptics answer that Occam's razor usually favors a natural explanation.

Leonardo da Vinci did not make it.

Leonardo was born in 1452, about a century after the cloth is documented at Lirey.

He puts out the facts and lets people decide.

The spirit of this site.